Limited Liability Corporations: Advantages and Disadvantages

Limited Liability Corporations: Advantages and Disadvantages INTRODUCTION Definition of a limited liability corporation (LLC) This paper will first commence by giving the exact meaning of a limited liability corporation. A limited liability corporation (LLC) is the usual incorrect name used instead of a limited liability company. Therefore the limited liability company and the limited liability company both refer to the same thing. Following the clarification made above it is therefore correct to say that a limited liability company (corporation) is a legally known business institution that gives a limited type of liability to its members (owners). It must be remembered that the limited liability corporation as it is known is not a corporation but is also a kind of association that is unincorporated. The only existing feature that is similar between a limited liability corporation (company) and a corporation is that both have or give their owners limited liabilities. The LLC bears the flexibility advantage over the normal corporation. In order to further simplify the definition of an LLC; it is a business entity that has both the qualities of a partnership type of business and a corporation (Mancuso, 2007). The Internal revenue service authority has realized that the LLC are very popular due to their flexibility. The owners of these LLCs are also known as members and these members could range from individual to corporations, foreign institutions and even other LLCs.the American LLCs have an unlimited number of maximum members. Its also true as regulated by the IRS that certain business institutions cannot be LLCs these institutions include:- Banks Insurance companies Nonprofit organizations History of limited liability corporations (LLC) This type of business has been in existence for a while now and it has been adopted in many parts of the world, this type of business is also protected and bound by law in the many different countries. There operations might be slightly different but the main principles that govern their running remain the same (Shenkman, Weiner Taback, 2003). The different history stories will give a clear a picture of how the LLCs operate in the different countries and their governing principles. This paper will look at the history of LLCs in the United States of America. History of LLCs in the United States of America The LLCs in the United States were as a result of inspirations from a German business organization, the business organization is known as the GmbH.The American LLCs also got their inspirations from the business model of many Latin American countries also known as the Lamitadas (Wood, 2000). The history of the LLCs in America is quiet interesting with the LLCs making their first appearance in the year 1977 in a state called the Wyoming. The Wyoming state had come up with a Limited liability Company act for an oil company, three years later there was a ruling by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and a private letter was issued to the LLC Company that was formed under the Wyoming LLC act. The letter had stated that the IRS would treat the LLC under the Wyoming LLC act as a partnership for the purposes of Federal Tax (Humphreys, 1998). The IRS would later propose legislations that would deny all business enterprises (that had owners whose liabilities were limited) the partnership classification, further complicating matters for the LLCs. Many American states introduced the LLC act in the year 1988 due to the uncertainties that were arising due to the tax issue that were facing the LLCs. This is because the IRS in that year did pass a revenue ruling that finally accepted the Wyoming type of LLC companies formed under the Wyoming LLC act as partnerships for tax related purposes. Every state had installed an LLC act by the year 1996 and in that same year a body called the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws worked to adopt the Uniform Limited Liability Company act. This act was then revised in the year 2006. Facts about taxation of LLCS There are a few facts about the Taxation of LLCs that must be noted, these facts include the regulation and guide lines that have been issued by the IRS to give direction on the system of taxation for the LLC owners. The guidelines also highlight the type of tax returns to be filed and how to file the tax returns. The following are some of the guidelines given by the IRS For single owned LLCs For the purposes of filing a federal tax return, it is a common practice by the IRS to ignore the fact that the business entity is an LLC. This step is only meant for the taxation process and the business entity is still legally recognized as an LLC. There are two categories of reporting the income and expenses. The first category is for those LLCs that are owned by individuals and the IRS expects the LLCs income and expense to be reported on the form 1040, schedule C, E or F. In situations where the only member of the LLC is a corporation then the LLCs income and expenses must be reported on the corporations return which is form 1120 or 1120S (www.irs.gov) Taxation for LLCs with multiple owners These types of LLCs usually file a partnership return which is done in the form 1065 (www.irs.gov) Employment taxes All LLCs must meet their employment tax requirements as stipulated by the IRS, it is therefore a fact that all the LLC employees are subject to withholding tax. The LLCs must also file form W-2 and form 1099 upon request. The issue of self employment is also captured by the IRS and it is a requirement that the LLCs must file the schedules C or F where the owners are subject to self employment taxes on their earnings. In situations where the LLCs file for the partnership returns then the members must pay taxes on their share of partnership earnings (www.irs.gov) There is a special rule that applies in a situation where the LLC has operating losses, and this rule also limits the amount of deductions because of the owners Limited liabilities for the LLC debts. Advantages of an LLC Tax flexibility The LLCs usually enjoy a degree or room to choose in what category to be taxed i.e. the LLCs can either choose to be taxed as a sole proprietor, corporation or even as partnerships. The owners liabilities are limited Depending on the legislation of a given country the owners usually enjoy a degree of protection against Liability for the debts of the LLC, this would depend on the laws that govern the LLC in that particular country. Reduced Administrative Work The LLCs usually enjoy a much more reduced level of paper work and also administrative works compared to the corporations meaning that they would incur less costs by reducing their administrative works. No double taxation The LLCs are normally taxed once unless they choose otherwise for example if they decide to be taxed as the(C) corporations No taxation at LLC level According to the tax category in which the LLCs are placed they are usually only taxed from the individual level, this means that the owners of the LLCS are the ones who are taxed but the LLCS are not taxed as the company. Separate entity Some laws to provide or state that the LLCs are different entities from the individuals, hence if an individual or owner is affected in any way by the law then this does not affect the company or if the company is involved in a legal suit then this does not affect the owners of the company. According to Shenkman, Weiner and Taback (2003), the other advantage of the LLCs is that the owners can usually retain the gains of the company as capital gains or even better as income that is foreign sourced meaning that the LLC is able to maintain the character of its income this only happens in cases where the LLC has chosen not to be taxed as a corporation. Easy setting up of the LLC It is quiet possible to set up the LLC in some states of America because it only requires one person to be involved (physically). Assigning of membership interests When it comes to the LLCs it is possible to assign the membership interests; the economic advantage brought about by the interests can be separated and even assigned, this gives the assignee the benefits that result from distribution. These listed advantages that are enjoyed by the owners are most appreciated and the owners are keen to work within the confines of the Law. The owners have particularly been keen on the tax flexibility of the LLCs as stipulated by most laws, thus the owners can enjoy a far much reduced burden of taxes that are levied thus they enjoy significant profit margins (www.irs.gov). The fact that most laws recognize the LLCs as separate entities it is easy for the owners not to be victimized incase of a Legal tussle between the company and any other entity. With proper and strategic utilization of the advantages the owners can be able to maximize their business potential and have a competitive advantage in the business market. The disadvantages of LLCs Lack of definite title of authority One of the major challenges facing the LLC is the fact that the LLC as a business entity lacks a definite title of the designated authority that can enter into an agreement or a contract on the behalf of the LLC for example the title used by LLC include President, Chief executive officer, partner and managing director. Threat of being treated as a disregarded entity Since the LLCs are a new a concept and the many states apparently do not really recognize the LLCs but instead view them as sole proprietorship incases where it is owned by an individual or as partnership incases where it is run by a group. This means that the LLCs lose the advantage and instead their liabilities become unlimited. The third disadvantage is that in a situation where the LLC is outside the American jurisdiction then there is a greater possibility for the LLC to be treated as a corporate therefore stripping it of the advantages it enjoys as the LLC. The fact that the LLCs structures not properly understood by many is a clear indicator that its reception is also limited among the greater public. The LLC also does not have a board of Directors. In some situations where the LLCs are just starting the members are usually required by creditors to personally guarantee the loans on the behalf of the company, this directly implies that the members or owners become directly liable for the debts incurred by the company. Difficulty in raising capital This may occur due to the fact that the general operating structure of the LLCs is not understood well by the investors; hence they are more relaxed to invest their money simply because they do not have the hopes of making profits through the Initial public offer (Mancuso, 2007). There is also a possibility of the owners of the LLC getting into trouble for not having an operating agreement; this is possible mainly due to the fact that there is no legal requiring for the members to have one. How the disadvantages affect the company Some of the above disadvantages greatly affect the company, starting by the increased inability to raise capital; when this occurs or when a company is unable to attract the required number if investors to help it raise capital the operation costs of the company become difficult to meet, secondly without the optimum amount of capital the company becomes unable to meet optimally its set out objectives and it then even becomes difficult for this particular company to even expand. The lack of a definite title authority to enter into agreement might make the potential business partners to enter into any binding business agreement for fear of losing out by either entering into an agreement with a company representative who does not have the authority to legally enter into a binding agreement, meaning the company might lose out on many business opportunities (Humphreys, 1998). The issue of jurisdiction and taxation issues might be unfair to the company and in turn hurt the company profits in the long run, this is mainly because of the fact that the US LLCs might be considered as corporate for tax purposes which should not be the case thus they will lose more revenue through the taxes levied on them. Another thing that could really hurt the company is the fact that some creditors demanding that the owners guarantee loans that have been taken for the LLC,this not only strips the owners of their right to limited liabilities but also limits the capacity or the amount of credit that can be taken for the LLC for one simple reason and that is the fact that the individuals might have a limited capacity to guarantee the loans compared to if the LLC took the loan as separate entity (Humphreys, 1998). The fact that the LLCs are not really recognized in many states and that incase of an individual the LLC is only recognized as a sole proprietorship does actually limit its extent of operations and also exposes it to liabilities that face the sole proprietorship as a business entity. Operational tax issues At the state level The operational tax issues might not have guidance at the state level simply because different states do have there different laws and guidelines event though the laws are harmonized there are those states that would differently treat the issue of operational tax. Self Employment There are two aspects to this operation tax. The first aspect is the LLCs category of filing namely C and F This mostly requires that the members file their self employment taxes on their earning. The filing of partnership returns Here there is a general requirement that the owners must pay tax from their share of partnership earnings. Passive activity This usually limits the owners or members on the amount of loss that they are able to deduct References Cody, T., Hopkins, D.A., Perlman, L.A. (2007). Guide to Limited Liability Companies. (9th ed.). Boston: CCH. Humphreys, T.A. (1998). Limited liability companies. Sydney: Law Journal Press. Mancuso, A. (2007). Form Your Own Limited Liability Company. (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Nolo. Mancuso, A. (2007). Your Limited Liability Company: An Operating Manual. (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Nolo. Shenkman, M.M., Weiner, S., Taback, I. (2003). Starting a Limited Liability Company. (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. â€Å"The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: Information Center.† Retrieved August 24, 2009 from http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=204335,00.html?portlet=6 Wood, R.W. (2000). Limited liability companies: formation, operation, and conversion. (2nd ed.). Atlanta: Aspen Publishers Online.

Health Needs Assessment Process Health And Social Care Essay

Public wellness is concerned with the local population ‘s wellness and takes into consideration the economic, societal and environmental factors of both communities and persons. Health visitants clearly have a major portion to play in the function of public wellness, which has become a high precedence over the last decennary ( Cowley, 2008 ) . There has clearly been a move off from a medical theoretical account towards a societal theoretical account of attention which requires wellness visitants to hold specialised accomplishments and cognition in order to measure a household holistically. Through a wellness needs appraisal, the wellness visitant can place the demands of a population and so concentrate on an intercession that would profit the population ‘s unmet demands ( Peterson and Alexander 2001 ) . The purpose of this assignment will be to place, utilizing the wellness needs assessment procedure, an issue that needs readdressing. The identified wellness demand will be analysed and so a service or intercession will be created in order to cut down wellness inequalities and better wellness ( Health Development Agency 2004 ) . The National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( Cavanagh & A ; Chadwick, 2005 ) provides an in deepness model to follow which will assist to turn to the chosen wellness demand. Using the model, and a combination of grounds taken from epidemiology and theory, will heighten the determination devising procedure. The population chosen to concentrate on will be female parents who suffer from postpartum depression. A population can be geographical, a client group or people with peculiar wellness jobs ( Calman, 1999 ) . The appraisal will look at the demands of these female parents. The chief purpose will be to supply an intercession that reduces the strength of the unwellness and the figure of female parents enduring from postpartum depression. The principle for taking this population is that postpartum depression can be seen as a important public wellness job ( Sharp et al, 2010 ) . It can besides hold a important negative impact on the lives of the female parents, their babes and their households. Beck ( 2006 ) writes how postpartum depression is, ‘ †¦ a serious temper upset that can stultify a adult female ‘s first few months as a new female parent. ‘ There appears to be a deficiency of services available for female parents with postpartum depression and we need to see, ‘Is there any point in placing adult females with PND if we have no services to offer them? ‘ Public wellness is defined in the Acheson study as, ‘the scientific discipline and art of forestalling disease, protracting life and advancing wellness through the organized attempts of society. ‘ ( Acheson, 1988 ) . This definition clearly reflects the indispensable focal point of today ‘s public wellness. Ten old ages subsequently Acheson completed a farther study which looked at inequalities in wellness ( Acheson 1998 ) . Both these studies have been the development and consequence of many public wellness associated paperss. Oliver and Nutheam ( 2003 ) point out that these new authorities policies have been developed to ‘explicitly turn to bing wellness inequalities, ‘ following the election of the new Labour authorities in 1997. Health publicity can be seen as a comprehensive political and societal method. It is non merely aimed at bettering an person ‘s capablenesss and accomplishments, but besides looking at doing alterations to environmental, societal and economic issues in order to cut down their impact on both single and public wellness ( WHO, 1998 ) . Mitcheson ( 2008 ) suggests that wellness publicity is about assisting people to hold the capablenesss and resources to take control of and better their wellness demands. A phrase by Milio, ( 1986 ) , suitably sums up wellness publicity by stating ; ‘Making the healthy pick the easier pick. ‘ Acheson ( 1998 ) negotiations about the ‘upstream ‘ and ‘downstream ‘ public wellness schemes in which wellness publicity can be seen as an upstream attack, concentrating on preventive steps. As wellness publicity is reasonably complex, there are a figure of different wellness publicity approaches that can be used. The pick of attack can depend on the wellness need assessment and the purposes ( Ewles & A ; Simnett, 2003 ) . Models, which are a type of theoretical model, can be utile for planning, implementing and measuring intercessions. The wellness publicity theoretical account is defined by Naidoo & A ; Wills ( 2000 ) , as ‘ †¦ .a manner of associating thoughts and demoing the relationship between theory and pattern. ‘ There have been a assortment of different writers that have produced theoretical accounts for wellness demands appraisals such as Tones and Green, 2004 ( wellness belief theoretical account ) and Tones and Tilford, 2001, ( wellness action theoretical account ) . Roden ( 2004 ) criticises the wellness belief theoretical account by stating that it focuses on a medical attack to wellness publicity instead than a holistic position. A series of paperss and documents on wellness and wellbeing, have emerged from the Department of Health and other associated authorities sections. Several of these paperss highlight the importance of the function of the wellness visitant for advancing mental wellness. Initially in 1997, The New NHS ; Modern, Dependable ( DoH, 1997 ) , this focuses on the authorities ‘s vision to do the necessary alterations to better and undertake sick wellness and inequalities. Other paperss that are comparative to this assignment include: The NHS Plan: Switching the balance of power ( DoH, 2000 ) , Making a Difference ( DoH, 1999a ) , Our Health, Our Care, Our Say ( DoH, 2006 ) , Choosing Health ( DoH, 2004 ) , Report of the Chief Medical Officer ‘s Undertaking to Strengthen the Public Health Function, ( DoH, 2001 ) , Salvaging Lifes: Our Healthier Nation ( DoH, 1999b ) , discusses the demand to diminish the hazards associated with different mental unwellnesss and besides highlights the effects of depression on both the female parent and kid. Every Child Matters ( DfES, 2004 ) and Procuring Good Health for the Population ( Wanless, 2004 ) . A definition that reflects authorities policy has been provided by Wanless as, ‘the scientific discipline and art of forestalling disease, protracting life and advancing wellness through the organized attempts and informed picks of society, administrations, public and private communities and persons, ‘ ( Wanless 2004, p.3. ) . This definition appears to be more appropriate for the twenty-first century as it puts more accent on the joint attempts of persons, the province of their ain wellness and besides their households ‘ . The definition besides has the extra construct of informed pick and duty for administrations to work collaboratively in order to advance public wellness. This can be seen as a manner of authorising communities. It can be seen that persons, communities and all wellness professionals have a portion to play in public wellness publicity, bar of sick wellness and wellness protection. These are indispensable demands for the function of the wellness visitant. The Standards for Proficiency for the specializer community public wellness nurse ( NMC, 2004 ) and the wellness sing rules defined in the, Council for the Education and Training of Health Visitors ( CETHV, 1977 ) , place the four chief spheres that define the needed proficiencies. These are: ‘the hunt for wellness demands, influence on policies impacting wellness, facilitation of wellness heightening activities and the stimulation of the consciousness of wellness demands. ‘ From these rules, and including the 10 occupational criterions for public wellness ( Prime R & A ; D Ltd for Skills for Health 2003 ) , it can be seen that overall the purpose is to advance and protect the wellness of the population. Health visitants have ever had an of import function to play in the publicity of public wellness in the community. Over the old ages, the Numberss of wellness visitants has declined. The public wellness curate, Anne Milton ( 2010 ) , admits the profession ‘has been eroded dramatically over the past decennary. ‘ Since the study of the decease of Victoria Climbie ( Laming, 2003 ) , and aboard this the new Children ‘s Act ( 2004 ) there has been acknowledgment of the difference that wellness visitants can do. This has had a considerable consequence on the wellness visitants ‘ function. Health visitants are seen as cardinal confederates in primary attention for implementing new statute law and bettering results for the immature and vulnerable. However Thornhurst ( 2009 ) , writes how the wellness visitants ‘ function has become so centred around kid protection that there is now less clip for them to work in the community, deciding the societal issues that co ntribute to the kid protection instances. This appears to be a go oning public wellness argument. Prior to doing any alterations to better wellness, we need to get down by happening out what the wellness demands are and how, within a population, they can be assessed. Health needs appraisal is defined by Wright et Al ( 2006 ) , as ‘ †¦ . a systematic method of placing unmet wellness and wellness attention demands of a population and doing alterations to run into these unmet demands. ‘ The purpose of the wellness demands appraisal is to look at current informations and information gathered from different beginnings. The information will so be analysed to find any alterations that may necessitate to be made in order to run into the identified wellness demand. It besides involves a assortment of professionals every bit good as the general populace ( Haughley, 2008 ) . Decisions will be made in order to accomplish good results for the population ; resources available will necessitate to be considered. A needs appraisal can assist with doing determinations. The Nationa l Institution for Clinical Excellence ( NICE, 2005 ) provides a model that is robust and it provides systematic cues to steer you through the wellness needs assessment procedure.The model was produced by Cananagh and Chadwick, ( 2005 ) . One of the strengths of the model is that it ‘s an easy and simple procedure to follow ( Coverdale and Lancaster, 2006 ) . This model should non be used entirely but in concurrence with other theoretical accounts as this will assist steer practicians through the procedure. Haughey ( 2008 ) describes the wellness needs appraisal as a manner of garnering parts in order to finish a ‘jigsaw. ‘ The essay will now see the chosen population within the writer ‘s country of pattern and a wellness needs appraisal will follow. Through observation in pattern, it is clear that the wellness visitant is good placed to place any early symptoms of postpartum depression ( DOH, 2003 ) . The National Service Framework for Mental Health ( DOH, 1999c ) recommends that wellness visitants need to utilize their everyday visits for accessing postpartum depression and for handling the identified milder instances. However, recent research suggests that due to cuts in the Numberss of wellness visitants and the deficiency of clip available to go to excess preparation for measuring depression and psychological support attacks, most wellness visitants are unable to to the full back up down female parents ( Brugha et al, 2010 ) . Despite the well known grounds to demo the impact of postpartum depression on the female parent and her household every bit good as the long term impact on the babe, less than 50 % of station natal instances are indentified. A qualitative reappraisal of 40 surveies revealed that a adult females ‘s inability to uncover their existent feelings proved to be a general barrier for seeking aid ( Dennis & A ; Chung-Lee, 2006 ) . Beck, ( 2006 ) writes how wellness practicians fail to observe postpartum depression as they ‘do n't cognize what to look for. He besides suggests that female parents frequently hide their depression. For the instances where postpartum depression is identified, there appears to be a deficiency of services to back up them ( Hewitt et al, 2009 ) . Raising consciousness of the demand to place and back up female parents with postpartum depression includes the function of the SCPHN and is besides highlighted in the public wellness definition. Epidemiology is the survey of diseases of populations and is a major scientific discipline that underpins public wellness. Epidemiology allows us to understand diseases and the causes, place groups that are peculiarly affected and understand the effectivity of intercessions for undertaking identified jobs ( Heller et al, 2001 ) . Epidemiology of postpartum depression appears to be ill understood. Up to day of the month official national figures for postpartum depression have proved hard to garner and the information that is available gives conflicting figures. There is a certain sum of statistical grounds around the prevalence of mental unwellness but a limited sum of statistics that focus on postpartum depression. The information that will be used for the intent of this paper and which has been most often quoted, has been sourced from the NHS ( 2009 ) , which suggests that 1 in 10 adult females will endure from postpartum depression and MIND ( 2008 ) which besides suggests 1 in 10 a dult females, the NICE guidelines ( 2006 ) and the NSF – MH figures ( DOH, 2007c ) , show a prevalence of 10-15 % of adult females with postpartum depression. In England and Wales, this is between 64,000 and 94,000 adult females a twelvemonth. Health visitants are unable to name postpartum depression, if they detect, utilizing a scope of showing tools, or recognize marks and symptoms of station natal depression so this information can be recorded in the female parent ‘s maternal wellness subdivision. No caseload informations can be collected to demo the prevalence or badness of postpartum depression. A diagnosing will trust on the female parent taking to go to an assignment with her G.P.. Following a meeting with one of the local G.P.s, in the writer ‘s country of work it was discovered that the primary attention databases that G.P.s usage have a assortment of ‘read codifications ‘ to separate diagnosings and symptoms, nevertheless the read codification that high spots postpartum depression requires the G.P. to travel on and finish a drawn-out questionnaire with the female parent. For a female parent with postpartum depression this might intend that the G.P.s are taking other read codifications, for illustration, anxiousness where no questionnaire is required. This could be seen as a possible barrier for placing female parents with postpartum depression. Many wellness visitants do non hold entree to the G.P.s notes. If a female parent has seen her GP and postpartum depression has been identified so unless there is good communicating between the GP and the wellness visitant the female parent may be left without the full aid and support that she may necessitate. Postnatal depression will hold the same characteristic symptoms as clinical depression, such as weepiness, loss of enjoyment in life, low temper, loss of assurance, kiping jobs, feelings of guilt, self blame and sometimes self-destructive ideas. For a diagnosings to be made three or more of these symptoms ( which have persisted for at least two hebdomads ) will be identified ( Davies, 2000 ) . There does non look to be a individual cause of postpartum depression, some experts consider it is due to hormonal alterations whilst others suggest a combination of psychological and societal factors ( Clinical cognition sum-ups, 2010 ) . Postnatal depression usually develops during the first three postpartum months ( Cox et al, 1993 ) . Research shows that for the female parent, PND has considerable wellness deductions, it can besides consequence her long term relationships, have an inauspicious consequence on the male parents and perchance the remainder of the household ( Stein et al 2008 ) . There is besides significant research grounds to demo that the effects on the babe can include disturbed forms of communicating, expose unresponsive or retreat behavior and longer term damages in cognitive and emotional development ( Meredith & A ; Noller, 2003 ) . Following the grounds, prevalence and the possible major wellness deductions of postpartum depression, the accent sited by NICE for the demand of early designation, diagnosing and intervention of postpartum intervention, during both the antenatal and postpartum period appears to be wholly justifiable ( NICE, 2007a ) . The most recent comprehensive reappraisal on identifying and measuring methods used to place PND was by NICE ( 2007b ) . Following this reappraisal, clinical counsel was produced on the direction of antenatal and postpartum mental wellness. Designation of adult females with postpartum depression may hold already been completed during an prenatal visit. During a visit a female parent can be asked about her history and if she has experienced any old episodes of depression. However, due to the deficit of wellness visitants, heavy work load and because of other committednesss, it may be that non all female parents are seen for prenatal assignments, ( Shakespeare, 2001 ) . Holocene and up to day of the month research continues to corroborate the effectivity of the function of wellness visitants in cut downing postpartum depression ( Brugha et al, 2010 ) . The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a client centred attack that helps to bring out postpartum depression in female parents tha t might otherwise travel undetected. It uses a ego coverage, 10-item questionnaire that focuses on how the female parent felt the old hebdomad. A mark of 12 or over is considered ‘probable depression ‘ , whilst a lower mark of 9/10 suggests ‘possible depression, ‘ ( Cox et al, 1987 ) . Following a recent survey to place methods for accessing postpartum depression, the EPDS was the most often explored, simple, precise, safe and preferable cost-efficient tool ( Hewitt et al, 2009 ) . The Community Practitioners and Health Visitors ‘ Association recommends that along with the EPDS, the wellness visitant besides needs to include her ain clinical appraisal. A late published qualitative survey by Slade et. Al. ( 2010 ) , reports how ‘symptom designation ‘ through the usage of the EPDS has helped adult females to see that the wellness visitant is ‘there for them, ‘ every bit good as the babe. However one of the ascertained negative issu es sing the EPDS is that adult females from other civilizations have troubles understanding and make fulling in the questionnaire, even though there are some EPDS sheets translated into other linguistic communications. ‘Depression ‘ is non ever culturally recognised in other states ( Barclay & A ; Kent 1998 ) . Once a female parent has been identified by the wellness visitant or diagnosed by the GP for postpartum depression, so consideration can be explored into why some female parents fare better than others in mental good being. Health determiners can be utile to see, Dahlgren and Whitehead ‘s theoretical account ‘Determinants of Health, ‘ can be utile to assist research and construct a profile of a local community. Health results and inequalities can be greatly influenced both positively or negatively by persons and communities. Health can be strongly influenced by the manner people live their lives including the conditions in which they live and work, by household, friends and societal webs, ( Marmote & A ; Wilkinson, 2003 ) . For illustration a societal determiner such as a deficiency of household or community support might exacerbate or negatively impact on a female parent with postpartum depression. However, good support could hold a powerful and positive impact on an person ‘s wellness. Step three of the HNA will now follow. This portion of the procedure will direct the practician to set up a helpful and acceptable intercession. Literature environing postpartum depression appears to concentrate on the effectivity of support groups ( Alakus et al, 2007, Dennis & A ; Chung-Lee, 2006 ) . The Royal College of Psychiatrists, et Al ( 2000 ) compose how support in the prenatal period can cut down the badness of PND. More late, Dennis et Al ( 2004 ) writes that PND can be hard to foretell antenatally and suggests that preventive methods have chiefly proved uneffective. Cox in 1986 wrote how support groups during the postpartum period can be ‘one of the most successful agencies of intervention. ‘ Dennis, et Al, ( 2009 ) writes how support groups are good acknowledged in literature as valuable for cut downing and handling depression. For this wellness needs appraisal, it seems that a pilot postpartum support group would be appropriate. In the country where the wri ter works there is presently no group running to back up female parents with postpartum depression. The complexness of PND and the attention required can be complex, so a whole squad attack will be needed, alternatively of an single 1. This will guarantee the attention needed will be successfully provided. When sing the wellness needs intercession a squad will be required to take it. Ideally the squad would dwell of the wellness visitant, G.P.s, baby's room nurses and a community mental wellness nurse. For the intercession to be successful so the squad will necessitate to hold: a shared vision, an apprehension of each other ‘s functions within the squad, a well-thought-of leader to drive the intercession frontward, a sound action program, flexibleness, and the ability to work collaboratively ( Hill et al, 2007 ) . Collaborative working has been greatly emphasised over the last few old ages in a assortment of paperss and is besides considered an of import function of the SCPHN ( NMC, 2004 ) who works within a community, aboard multidisciplinary bureaus to better wellness and g ood being, this is besides reflected in the last portion of Acheson ‘s definition, ‘ †¦ through the organized attempts of society. ‘ There are frequently barriers that can negatively impact effectual collaborative working such as, deficiency of communicating, clip limitations, differing positions and values and frequently troubles even obtaining a room to run into in, ( Almond & A ; Cowley, 2008 ) . The support group will be a good illustration to show collaborative working between professionals and services utilizations. Once a squad had been brought together, a locale would be decided for the support group. The local certain start kids ‘s Centre would be an ideal locale. Certain start Centres are a authorities enterprise which purpose is to give kids the best possible start in life, ( DOH, 2007 ) . The country the writer works in is a rural location with limited public conveyance. Many of the female parents with PND live in stray parts, so for these female parents, free conveyance will be provided. However, if support at the local kids ‘s Centre is cut this may hold a negative impact on this service being offered for the group or any future groups. Leting the female parents with PND, who live in stray countries, the opportunity to go to the support group can hold a important, positive consequence on their depressive symptoms ( Hunker, et Al, 2009 ) . It will be of import to utilize a locale with child care installations. The certain start Centre has been used for a assortment of groups i n the yesteryear and offers a non-stigmatising locale ; a warm and friendly environment. Mothers identified with postpartum depression will be referred to the group and during a place visit, information will be provided so the female parents can make up one's mind whether they want to come. A telephone call prior to the group will besides be made. Empowering people, leting them to do informed picks and bettering their life accomplishments, which are needed for doing alterations, are all portion of the wellness publicity procedure ( Naidoo & A ; Wills, 2000 ) . Many female parents with PND will be in the contemplation phase described in Prochaska and DiClemente ‘s Stages of Change Model ( 1983 ) , where they are cognizant that there is a job but may non be certain or motivated to do the alterations needed. This theoretical account involves the individual traveling through a series of phases when turn toing debatable behavior. Peoples will go through through different phases at their ain gait. Prochaska and DiClimente ( 1982 ) compose how identifying where a individu al is within the theoretical account will enable the practician to accommodate their intercessions to run into their single demands. This might intend that the wellness visitant offers the female parent listening visits at place ( HCP, 2009 ) until she feels ready to go to the support group. The support group would run over eight hebdomads for one and a half hours and a creche will be provided run by the baby's room nurses. The wellness visitant and community mental wellness nurse will jointly run the group and will be trained suitably. The purpose of the group will be for female parents to derive support from other female parents in similar state of affairss and with similar experiences ( Alakus et al, 2007 ) . The purpose will be for the female parents to experience less down, better their self-esteem, self-worth, addition assurance, make friendly relationships and develop get bying schemes. To assist the female parents achieve this, the hebdomadal support group will offer both instruction and besides a assortment of taster Sessionss. For illustration, cognitive behavioral therapy, exercising, babe massage and holistic therapies. The beginning of the group will let female parents to portion any events of the past hebdomad. Exercise can be an effectual intervention for postpartum depression every bit good as increasing the female parent ‘s sense of good being and can be a offered in the group as a combination of both exercising and relaxation techniques. Two recent clinical tests found that many adult females are loath to utilize medicine for intervention of PND. The survey besides revealed that exercising can relieve depression every bit efficaciously as medicines, ( Daley, et Al, 2007 ) . Research has shown that infant massage in group work can cut down emphasis endocrines, significantly lessen depression symptoms and besides aid female parents to better relationships with their babes ( Heh, et al 2008 ) . For adult females sing PND cognitive behavioral therapy is the intervention of pick ( NICE, 2007 ) . The Sessionss will assist female parents to dispute negative ideas and modify beliefs specifically associating to motherhood. CBT helps people to prosecute in activities and has been shown to cut down symptoms, better a individual ‘s quality of life and better map ( NICE, 2009 ) . Evaluation is an of import portion of a wellness needs appraisal and rating of any intercession needs to be considered, as highlighted in the clinical administration rules ( Adams & A ; Forester, 2002 ) . There are a assortment of assessment methods. To mensurate the effectivity of the group the female parent ‘s original EPDS tonss would be recorded and so they would be asked to make full in another 1 at the terminal of the 8 hebdomads to see if their tonss had improved. Improved EPDS tonss and a decrease in PND could intend that the group could go on to run. Long term effectivity of the group, if it continues, will be seen in the bar or hold of ‘morbidity or mortality, ‘ ( Mitcheson, 2008 ) This may finally take to the decrease of cost for handling people with PND. An effectual manner of measuring the intercession could be through a SWOT appraisal, a technique credited to Humphrey ( 1960-1970s ) . SWOT is a structured method used to place strengths, failings, chanc es and menaces. To reason, it can be seen that by working through the phases of a wellness needs appraisal that the demand for an intercession in the writer ‘s country was clearly identified. The literature reviews provided information to help with the apprehension of PND and the effects it can hold on the female parent, household and babe. There is clearly a demand for a more accurate and consistent manner of placing PND and so entering and utilizing the information. For the group to be effectual, it was identified that good collaborative working was indispensable. As the function of the wellness visitant has changed over the old ages, it is of import to show how they can better wellness and cut down inequalities through successful, choice intercessions. Word count 4, 378.

Swot Dropbox

Strengths: first one to have the idea of cloud storage with synchronization, accessible where you want from any devices, simple design easy to use, exactly same data everywhere you go principle of synchronization, saved in dropbox. com if your laptop is out of use you have access to your files online, enable multi-users to share files, revision-history button to recover deleted files, 2GB storage for free to attract the consumers, pop up if you connect a usb stick or SD card to your computer â€Å"do you want to synchronize these files with Dropbox, turn loyal customer into salesperson: 250MB for free if referral (1/4 of Dropbox users come this way), no files capacity transfert limitation.Weaknesses: need access to internet to download Dropbox, 2GB limited storage for free (competition eg amazon offers 5GB for free as already mentioned by Janine), you cannot store more than the available place on your device, dealing with paid search advertisement, security problem in 2011.Opportuni ties: engagement on social media, deal with HTC to be default cloud storage on Androids, talking about it with 6 other phone firms then PC and TV, E marketing benefits: control, reach, interactivity.Threats: competitors such as Google or Apple could overtake the leader position in B2C market, competition offers lower prices, if Dropbox does not implement himself better in the enterprise market they could loose market shares of B2C market because it has been proven that home market copies enterprise market, possibility of cloud back up system being attacked by external or internal users ? introduction of a spyware through Dropbox

A Christians Experience In A Mosque Religion Essay Example

A Christians Experience In A Mosque Religion Essay Example A Christians Experience In A Mosque Religion Essay A Christians Experience In A Mosque Religion Essay I am a Christian by personal religion, genetic sciences and through circumstance of being raised in the church. I have been a Christian so long that any other faith to me is of small concern to me personally. But, I do non state this to be average because I have many friends of different faiths, beliefs and races. Whatever they believe in is all right with me and frailty versa. I decided to travel to a mosque with my best friend since 4th class since she is a Muslim. I learned a batch more than I originally thought and this is my journey. Humama and I have been best friends since 4th class. My household and hers are close despite one being Christian and the other Muslim. To each other we are people, friends, and faith does non specify our relationship. I asked Humama to come with me to the mosque business district on King Street because I would experience more comfy being with person who knew what was traveling on. We decided to travel on a Friday, which is their holy twenty-four hours. Before go forthing her house in Goose Creek, we performed ritual called a Wudu. It is rinsing of organic structure parts of import to executing formal supplications, called Salah. She said that there is a station at the mosque for it, or they use a sink for it but it would be easier to make it before we left place. She gave me a bluish outfit to have on with a fiting head covering to cover everything from our carpuss to our mortise joints for modestness and regard. On the thrust business district, bundled up in a beautiful outfit wholly out of my normal signifier of dressing, I wondered how I would be greeted and how I would be changed by this. I have walked and drove past the mosque on King Street many times. After populating business district for about a twelvemonth, you would hold to be blind non to detect it. It sits at that place on the corner of King and Romney street, quiet and non architecturally designed like the mosques I have seen in images. It is simplistic in its design for its intent. We parked and walked to the mosque and I noticed people of different races come ining the mosque which surprised me. There were Blacks, White persons, and many people of Middle Eastern descent. There were immature people, old people and all seemed unified in their beliefs of Allah. We entered the mosque and entered a speedy supplication to bless the mosque. The supplication had non started yet, so Humama introduced me to other Muslims in the hallway. My anxiousness was easing slightly talking to others that did non look to mind I was at that place, despite being a Christian. Before come ining the existent mosque, Humama and I took off our places to demo another signifier of regard. Humama and I sat confronting Mecca, after talking for a few proceedingss to the others, she said we could offer other speedy supplications while waiting for the discourse to get down. I realized for the first clip that the work forces and adult females were separated in the mosque. The work forces were in the forepart and the adult females in the dorsum, though we could still see everything. I noticed that there were two rows of chairs and I saw that the disableds or work forces of importance sat at that place. I sat beside Humama thought, this is sort of unjust holding to sit all the manner in back and non among the work forces. In my church you sit anyplace, but I pulled the idea back, to non judge but take part in her religion. To acquire my head off it, I thought to myself that I truly enjoyed non holding my places on since I am slightly Bohemian. Humama informed me we were waiting for the Imam, the sermonizer and leader of the mosque, to come out and preach which is called the Pre-Prayer. She informed that the Imam would normally come out and give a discourse on whatever he wished to or state a spiritual narrative. He would subsequently in the discourse connect the significance of it to his discourse. I became a small impatient waiting for the Imam to come out, but she reassured me that he would be out shortly. After five more proceedingss he walked out and world eventually set in that I was wholly out of my deepness. The Imam, whose existent name is Mohamed Melhem did non look like a sermonizer to me. He seemed like a regular adult male yet easy to speak to. He began the discourse by welcoming everyone to the mosque and praising Allah. He was easy to listen to and to understand. He gave a discourse on functioning Allah and fasting. That by fasting you gain a closer relationship with Allah. Allah is at that place for us and there is merely one. Prayer should be consistent ( they pray five times per twenty-four hours ) and that the Quran is at that place to steer us. He spoke of being a Muslim in the universe, that all facets of being a Muslim should be retained one time go forthing the mosque. As a Muslim, your moralss and how you stick to them in the universe shows how Allah is working through you. I noticed that everyone seemed in awe and took in every word he said. They seemed wholly devoted to listening to the Imam speak about this, because by looking at them you could state some found themselves once more by being among equals like themselves. After completing the discourse, the Adhan or Azan, did a call to prayer. Everyone listened and moved frontward face down listening to the Azan pray. After the supplication was finished, some people continued to pray and others got up to socialise. The mosque offered nutrient to us to raise money for the mosque. The nutrient was similar to what I had eaten earlier at Humama s house and it was delightful. I do non retrieve the names of the nutrient, but it did non affair at the clip. Everyone socialized for about an hr and a half and some continued to talk about Allah, others about school and work. Some people were coming in late holding merely got off work to come in at the right clip to pray. Leaving the mosque, I felt a small different. The peace of praying with others who get along despite your race. The sacredness of go forthing the universe outside and happening yourself once more when come ining the mosque. Confronting Mecca and everyone praying in one way and at one clip. They all believe the same manner and it shows why they have such a strong community. No 1 is seeking to draw off and do their ain thing. It made me experience nearer to my ain God, and that it makes life easier cognizing that basically we all have the same belief in one God, despite the different ways we worship. I gained a closer relationship with my best friend and with my God and that truly changed me.

Free Essays on Vice-presidency

INTRO-THE VICE PRESIDENCY John Nance Garner disparagingly quipped, â€Å" [it] wasn’t worth a pitcher of warm spit.† Charles Dawes reciprocated his successors’ denigration by sniping, â€Å"This is a hell of a job. I can only do two things: one is sit up here and listen to you birds talk†¦the other is to look at newspapers every morning to see how the President’s health is.† Additionally, even John Adams, one of the most revered and illustrious pioneers of our democratic state, vilified the office he was first to hold, as, â€Å"†¦the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.† If the office, prey to the verbal assails above isn’t apparent to you, then I should divulge the obvious: it is the United States Office of the Vice Presidency. The American Vice-Presidency, despite once serving as a stepping stone for fourteen future presidents, has candidly always been regarded as the most ineffe ctive and ignored Constitutional office in the U.S. These days, on the forefront of the twenty first century, we are far from being embroiled in a constitutional crisis debating the necessity of this office, yet the proposition to abolish the vice-presidency has and does surface from time to time. While, I was moved by the quotes I read from former VPs, such as Spiro T. Agnew, who joked, â€Å"A little over a week ago, I took a rather unusual step for a vice president†¦I said something,† I elected not to support the abolition of the vice-presidency. Those who differ, craft convincing arguments outlining why the Executive Branch, that creates the conflict of a â€Å"[man] is nothing but†¦may be everything,† is in need of such a reform. The forefront of these arguments by anti-VPs is the â€Å"flawed†12th amendment, which details how the presidency is succeeded if its officeholder can no longer serve. The irrationality in their view is that the 12th amendment pla... Free Essays on Vice-presidency Free Essays on Vice-presidency INTRO-THE VICE PRESIDENCY John Nance Garner disparagingly quipped, â€Å" [it] wasn’t worth a pitcher of warm spit.† Charles Dawes reciprocated his successors’ denigration by sniping, â€Å"This is a hell of a job. I can only do two things: one is sit up here and listen to you birds talk†¦the other is to look at newspapers every morning to see how the President’s health is.† Additionally, even John Adams, one of the most revered and illustrious pioneers of our democratic state, vilified the office he was first to hold, as, â€Å"†¦the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.† If the office, prey to the verbal assails above isn’t apparent to you, then I should divulge the obvious: it is the United States Office of the Vice Presidency. The American Vice-Presidency, despite once serving as a stepping stone for fourteen future presidents, has candidly always been regarded as the most ineffe ctive and ignored Constitutional office in the U.S. These days, on the forefront of the twenty first century, we are far from being embroiled in a constitutional crisis debating the necessity of this office, yet the proposition to abolish the vice-presidency has and does surface from time to time. While, I was moved by the quotes I read from former VPs, such as Spiro T. Agnew, who joked, â€Å"A little over a week ago, I took a rather unusual step for a vice president†¦I said something,† I elected not to support the abolition of the vice-presidency. Those who differ, craft convincing arguments outlining why the Executive Branch, that creates the conflict of a â€Å"[man] is nothing but†¦may be everything,† is in need of such a reform. The forefront of these arguments by anti-VPs is the â€Å"flawed†12th amendment, which details how the presidency is succeeded if its officeholder can no longer serve. The irrationality in their view is that the 12th amendment pla...

The Benefits and Educational Value in Studying Philosophy and Logic Essay

The Benefits and Educational Value in Studying Philosophy and Logic - Essay Example Philosophy and logic are inextricably linked together. For, without one, one could not have the other. The philosophy books one may read—such as The Republic or Plato’s Apology—might cost some money, however, the benefits and educational value of both philosophy and logic are priceless. First of all, what were the benefits of philosophy? Perhaps one must first discuss what logic was. Logic was a derivation of philosophy. For, in order to philosophize, one needed to be able to make rational arguments in succession, each argument following logically from the last point. It then follows that the end result would be a conclusion proving one’s hypothesis or initial claim to be true. This is generally how philosophical discussions develop. â€Å"[The great thinker] Eusebius accept[ed] the conventional division of philosophy into ethics, physics and logic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The benefits of using philosophy are great—using philosophy exercises the mental faculties and forces one to think extemporaneously. The educational value of philosophy is to train subjects simply to think. If nothing else, philosophy requires a great deal of thought to engage in it.

FEA program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

FEA program - Assignment Example In the past, primitive models were used to come up with models with some having to exemplify on and model using hands. In as much as this is relatively good, the time spent and the accuracy of these models varied tremendously leading to errors. However, with an increase in technological aspects of the engineering environment, it is imperative to connote the ease in simulation that is made possible by improved technology. Many simulation programs exist depending on the field of application. For example, when dealing with simulation of circuits a program like Circuit Maker or in animation, Autodesk are just a few examples. In this assignment, the learner utilizes Ansys Workbench as the Computer Aided Engineering simulation program. The main reason for utilization of this software program is such that it will be possible to show divergent aspects of a simulation including loading, constraints, and cosmos to analysis and component performance. The beauty of this exemplification is in the fact that all the simulation is done in the context of engineering thus it becomes possible to understand various aspects of a component. All these elements and considerations tend to rely on finite element methods. It is good to note that when dealing with finite elements, a complex problem is subdivided into smaller actual problems such that the complexity of the problem is consistently eliminated by dealing with the problem in piecemeal form. History suggests that the source of finite simulation approach is in the fact that ancient scientists found it hard to deal with complex elasticity as well as structural analysis challenges that are inherent in the world of civil engineering as well as aeronautic engineering (Mori, Osakada & Takaoka 1996). To be able to solve these challenges, engineers came up with a five-step process that allows them to break the challenge into manageable pieces that are easier to deal with at every stage. The first aspect that has to